![]() ![]() This article surveys the intellectual history of environmental determinism in some detail from the era of Humboldt and Darwin forward, in relation to evolutionary theory, cultural determinism, and the evolving spectrum of more middling approaches, which can be broadly grouped under the framework of cultural ecology. ![]() Work unfolding on two fronts-a rising appreciation of how environmental forces drove biological and human evolution and how human forces are driving the “Anthropocene” destabilization of earth systems-is rapidly making it clear that culture and nature have to be seen in a complex evolving relationship. From the middle of the 19th century it has been shaped by debates in evolutionary theory, between the classical Darwinian position that evolution moves gradually, driven by the random natural selection of traits, and a countervailing position, effectively, environmental determinism for nonhuman biology, that evolution is shaped by speciation events caused by geographical isolation. ![]()
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